αααααα·αααα·αααααΆ (IP) αααα αα ααΎααΆααααααΎαααααααα·ααααααΆ ααΌα ααΆ αααααααα ααααΆααα’ααααααΆααααααα·ααα·αααα αα·αα·ααααααααΆ ααΌαααΆα αα·αααααΌαβαααααααΌαααααΎααααΆαααα αααα»αααΆαα·αααααααα
ααααΎαααααααα·α αα ααααα½αα αααααααα ααααααΉα αααααα·αααα·αααααΆ ααΊααΆααΆααα·α αΆαααΆααααααΆαααααα»αααΆααααααα α α·ααααααααααΆαα·αααααααα
To many, intellectual property (IP) is a rather obscure legal concept that can only be properly understood and applied by those who are specially trained
αααΆαβ ααΊααΆαααααΆαααααΎαααΎα α αΎαα’αΆα ααααΆαααααααααα»αααααΆαααααα·α α¬ααααΆαααα ααααΆαααΈαα½ααα αααΆααααααααΎααααΆααααααΆαααααα·αα α ααΆααΆαα·ααααααααΆ α αΎααααΆααααααααΎααααΆααααααΆαα ααααΆα α ααΆ ααααΆαααααΆα
ααΆαα·αααααΆα ααΊααΆααααα α¬αααααΆααααΆαα α¬ααΆααααα αα·αβαααααΆααααΆαα ααααΆαααααααΆαα αα·αααααΆαααααααααα»αααααΆαααα ααααΆαααΈαα½ααα
αααααΆαααΈαααααααααααααβ ααΊααΆαα·ααααΆαααααααααααΆα αααααααΎααααΈααΆαααΆαααααααααα αααααααα ααΊααΆαααα·αααααβαααααααααβα’αΆα αααα α’αα»αααα ααΆααα αααα»ααααααααααΆααααα αΆααΆααααΆααααΆαα½αβαααα»ααα·ααααα αα αααα·ααααΆα ααααααααα’αΆα ααΆααΆαααααΎαααα·ααα α¬ααααΎαααΆαααα·ααααα α¬α’αΆα ααΆααΆαααααΎαα’αααΈαα½α αααααΆαααααα ααΉαααα·ααα α¬ααααΎαααΆαααα·αααααα
ααααΌα§ααααΆα αααα ααΊααΆααΆααααα»ααααααααΆααβ α¬ααα α¬ααααααααΈααααΆα α¬αααααΆαααΆαα½α αααααΈααΆααΆαα¬αα»αααΆαααΆααααα»ααα½αααΆβαα½ααααααΆαα α¬αααααααα α’ααααααΆααααα»αααααα α¬αααααΆααααΆαααααααααα α‘αΎαααΆααΌαααΆααα·αααβαααα ααα·αααα§ααααΆα αααα α¬αα·ααααααααα·ααααα’αΆα ααααΎααΆααααΌααα·ααα α§ααααΆα αααα α¬αα·ααααααα αα·αβα’αΆα αααααΆααααΆααααα αααα»α
αααΌαααααΆαα’ααααααααααα ααΊααΆααααααααααΆαα½αβαααααααΈ αα·αα’αΆα αααα α’αα»ααααααΆααααα»αβαα·αααα§ααααΆα αααα αα·ααααα’αΆα ααΆααα·ααα α¬ααααΎαααΆαααα·αααααβ α¬αααα’αΆα ααΆαααααα ααΉαααα·ααα α¬ααααΎαααΆαααα·αααααα
ααΌααααα αααααΆααααααααααΌαααααΆα α¬ αααα»ααααααα ααααααααααΌαααααΆαααΆαα½α αααααΆα ααααααααΌα ααααΆ αα·αααααΎα±ααααΎαααΆαααααααΈαα»αααααΆαα·αααααα αααα»αααααααααΌαααααΆααααα½ααααα»α αααααααα½αα¬α αααΎα α αΎααααααααααααΆααααααα ααα’αΆα αααααΆααΆα ααΎααααΈαααα ααααΎααααΆαα ααααΎααΆααΌαααααΆαααΆα α¬ ααΆααααααΆααααααααΈααΆααααααααα α
αα·αααα·α’ααααα·αααααα·ααα·αααα·αααα αΆαααααα αα ααΊααΆαα·αααα·ααααααααα±αα ααΎααααΈααΆαααΆαα’ααααα·αααα α’ααααααααα ααα·αααα αααΌααΌααααΆα αα·αα’αααααΆαααΌαααααΆα αα·α ααΎααααΈα αΌααα½ααα·ααΆαααΆααααα»αααΆα α’αα·ααααααααααααα·α αα ααααΌα ααΆαααααααααΆαα·α
αααΆααααααΆααααΌαα·ααΆααααααααα·α αααα αααααααα αααααΆαααααΆαα αα·α/α¬ ααΌαααΆαααααααααααααααΆα αααααααααααΆα α αααααΆαααααα¬ααααΆαα±αααααααααΎααααααααβααΌαα·ααΆαααααβαα½α α αΎαααααα αααααΆαααααΆαα αα·α/α¬ ααΌαααΆαααα αααααΆαααααααα’ααααααααΆααααα·αααΆαααααα αααα»αααΌαα·ααΆαααααααα αααααΆααααααααΆααΌαααααΆαααααΉαααααα»αααΆα αα·αααα·αααα βα¬ α αα·ααααααα αααααααααααααα·ααααααΎαα ααααΈαααααααΌαα·ααΆααααααααα
Broadly speaking, any confidential business information which provides an enterprise a competitive edge may be considered a trade secret.
Undisclosed information refers to information which is secret and has commercial value because it is secret. Undisclosed information, or βtrade secretsβ, is protected in the TRIPs Agreement under the framework or discipline of unfair competition
A layout-design of an integrated circuit refers essentially to the three-dimensional character of the elements and interconnections of an integrated circuit.
Traditional Knowledge: Traditional knowledge (TK) is knowledge, know-how, skills and practices that are developed, sustained and passed on from generation to generation within a community, often forming part of its cultural or spiritual identity.
α’αααΎααααΆαααααα½αααααααααΆ ααααααα»αααΈαααβααΆαααβααααΆαα’αα»αααααααααααΆαααα αααα»ααα·αααβα§ααααΆα αααα ααΆαα·ααααααα ααααΆαααα ααααΌαα αΆαααα»αααΆ ααΆααΆαααααα½ααααααααα·αααααααααααα
A compulsory license is an authorization which is granted by the government without the permission of the patent holder
For most small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), marketing products or services is a major challenge
αααααααααααααααΆααααααα·αααα·αααααΆ
ααΆαααααΆααΆααα ααα±ααΆαααΆα: αααααα·αα·αααααααΆ αα·αααΈα‘αΆ
αααααΈαααααααΆααα½αααααΆαααα·αααα·ααΆαα αΌα αα·αα ααα αΆαααααΆα ααα»α
IP ααααα»αααααΆααααααααααα αααα·ααα½αααααααα ααΆααααΆααααααα